Moreover, in spite of the extensive use of silicon semiconductor-based technology, it has a high cost, which is the main drawback of not using this technology for home-based device applications. In the 1960s, the photovoltaic system for the first time was employed in commercial applications for space solar cells to deliver the power for satellite applications, and silicon semiconductor materials have been reported to be widely used in photovoltaic technology. These diodes work on the phenomenon of generated voltages when sunlight falls on them. In 1954, the p-n junction diode potential was discovered at Bells laboratory with the efficiency of 6% using silicon material , and the same work has also been reported to make heterojunction solar cells based on Cu 2S/CdS. By considering their history, in 1883, Fritts worked on photovoltaics applications for the first time. From the above-listed energy sources, photovoltaics is the technology used for the conversion of sunlight into electrical power by means of semiconductor materials. The rapid growth of the world’s community and industrial area is leading to the great need for energy while renewable energy sources consumption such as geothermal, biomass, wind, and photovoltaic sources are challenging the planet’s survival having its adverse effects. The aim of this chapter was to highlight the current state of photovoltaic cell technology in terms of manufacturing materials and efficiency by providing a comprehensive overview of the four generations as well as the relevance of graphene and its derivatives in solar cell applications. However, fourth generation, also known as “inorganics-in-organics,” combines the low cost and flexibility of polymer thin films with the durability of innovative inorganic nanostructures (metal nanoparticles or metal oxides) in organic-based nanomaterials (carbon nanotubes, graphene, and their derivatives). Third generation is based on novel materials and has a wide range of design options, as well as expensive but highly efficient cells. First generation of thin-film technologies is based on monocrystalline or polycrystalline silicon and gallium arsenide cells and includes well-known medium- or low-cost technologies with moderate yields, whereas, second generation includes devices with lower efficiency and manufacturing costs. To date, photovoltaic cells have been split into four generations, with the first two generations accounting for the majority of the current market. A "photo electrolytic cell" (photo electrochemical), on the other hand, refers either to a type of photovoltaic cell (like that developed by Edmond Becquerel and modern dye-sensitized solar cells), or to a device that splits water directly into hydrogen and oxygen using only solar illumination.As a consequence of rising concern about the impact of fossil fuel-based energy on global warming and climate change, photovoltaic cell technology has advanced significantly in recent years as a sustainable source of energy. In contrast, a solar thermal collector supplies heat by absorbing sunlight, for the purpose of either direct heating or indirect electrical power generation from heat.The separate extraction of those carriers to an external circuit.The separation of charge carriers of opposite types.The absorption of light, generating either electron-hole pairs or excitons.The operation of a photovoltaic (PV) cell requires 3 basic attributes:.They are used as a photo detector (for example infrared detectors), detecting light or other electromagnetic radiation near the visible range, or measuring light intensity. Solar cells are described as being photovoltaic irrespective of whether the source is sunlight or an artificial light. ![]() Solar cells are the building blocks of photovoltaic modules, otherwise known as solar panels. It is a form of photoelectric cell, defined as a device whose electrical characteristics, such as current, voltage, or resistance, vary when exposed to light. A solar cell, or photovoltaic cell, is an electrical device that converts the energy of light directly into electricity by the photovoltaic effect, which is a physical and chemical phenomenon.Solar cell works on the principle of photovoltaic effect.
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